Genetic Engineering Based(A Plasmid)

the DNA of any transmissible agent (e.g. plasmid or virus) into which a segment of foreign DNA can be spliced in order to introduce the foreign DNA into cells of the agent's normal host and promote its replication and transcription therein. (1) Plasmid vectors contain (i) an origin of replication, so that the plasmid can be replicated; (ii) an antibiotic resistance gene to allow selection of transformed host cells; (iii) often, a ‘polylinker’ containing several different restriction enzyme recognition sites and a second marker gene (e.g. lacZ; see X‐gal), which will be inactivated when foreign DNA is inserted therein, thus allowing identification of transformants bearing plasmids containing inserts, rather than ‘empty’ vectors. Examples include pBR322 and the pUC vectors. See also expression vectors. (2) Bacteriophage vectors, usually based on lambda phage, can accommodate longer fragments of foreign DNA. In insertion vectors (e.g. λEMBL4) the foreign DNA is inserted into the phage DNA whole in replacement vectors (e.g. λEMBL4) the foreign DNA is ligated between two phage fragments, or arms. (3) Hybrid vectors, cosmids, phagemids and phasmids , with features of both plasmids and phage, have also been constructed.


http://science.jrank.org/pages/27228/cloning-vector-or-cloning-vehicle.html 

Leukaemia Treatment 'Cures' Man of HIV

An HIV positive man who received a bone marrow transplant after developing leukaemia appears to have been cured of HIV.

The American man in his forties, was living in Berlin when he developed acute myeloid leukaemia. When chemotherapy failed to treat his condition, he was given two bone marrow stem cell transplants chosen from a donor who had a natural genetic resistance to HIV.

Around one to three in every hundred people have a gene mutation which gives them a natural resistance to HIV. The virus can only infect human cells by interacting with two 'receptors' located on the surface of the cell, known as the CD4 and CCR5 receptors. However, a small minority of people with a genetic mutation lack the CCR5 receptor, making it extremely difficult for the virus to enter their cells.
The HIV patient's doctors deliberately chose a bone marrow donor with the gene mutation.
Three years on and the man is free of both HIV and leukaemia and is not being treated with anti-retroviral medicines. No trace of the virus has been found in the blood or other parts of the body where HIV can hide out such as the intestines, lymph nodes or the brain.
And all of the patient's new blood and bone marrow cells are of the HIV-resistant kind, without the CCR5 receptor.
However, as bone marrow transplants are risky and complicated procedures, they cannot be widely used as a cure for HIV.

In the journal Blood, the doctors from the Charite University Hospital, Berlin say their findings "strongly suggest that cure of HIV has been achieved" in their patient.

A Female Condom

A female condom is a plastic device that is used during sexual intercourse as a barrier and to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs—such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV) and unintended pregnancy. Invented by Danish MD Lasse Hessel,internally by the receptive partner and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering  person's body. Female condoms can be used by the receptive partner during anal sex.

The female condom is a thin, soft, loose-fitting sheath with a flexible ring at each end. The inner ring at the closed end of the sheath is used to insert the condom inside the vagina and to hold it in place during intercourse. The rolled outer ring at the open end of the sheath remains outside the vagina and covers part of the external genitalia
A female condom and a male condom should not be used at the same time.