Protein Synthesis - History

1941. Caspersson and Brachet showed that nucleic acids are connected with protein synthesis.
1952. Porter described the endoplasmic reticulum.
1953. Palade described the ribosome.
1954. Gamow suggested a minimum genetic code of three nucleotides.

1955. Grunberg-Manago and Ochoa isolated the enzyme which links  RNA nucleotides, to from RNA in vitro.
1956. Kornberg reported that in vitro synthesis an enzyme is necessary for DNA synthesis.
1956. Hoagland and co workers showed that separate enzymes catalyse the activation of different amino acids.
1957. Hoagland and others reported the presence of tRNA, and showed that it combines with amino acids before protein synthesis.
1957. Kornberg and co-workers isolated DNA polymerase enzyme of E. coli that could be used for in vitro synthesis of DNA.
1958. Tissieres and Watson isolated 70S E. coli ribosomes and showed that they consist of two subunits, 50S and 30S
1958. Crick proposed the central dogma of molecular biology, that DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
1961. Nirenberg and Mathei demonstrated that a particular RNA sequence produces a particular amino acid sequence.
1961. Jacob and Monod postulated the presence and function of mRNA in protein synthesis, and proposed the operon concept.
1961. Brenner, Jacob, and Meselson demonstrated the function of mRNA in protein synthesis.
1961. Crick and others produced direct evidence that the genetic code  is a triplet code.
1961. Hall and Spiegelman obtained direct evidence that the mRNA molecule is formed on one DNA template strand.
1963. Temin reported that in certain tumour viruses RNA synthesizes DNA, which in turn codes for proteins (Teminism).
1964. Holley described the nucleotide sequence of alanine tRNA mole cule of yeast.
1964. Nirenberg and Leder showed that tRNA binding on the ribosome depends on mRNA.
1966. Spiegelman and colleagues successfully replicated biologically active viral RNA in test tube.
1967. Kornberg and Sinsheimer synthesized single stranded DNA in ØX174 bacteriophage

1967. Khorana and others showed that DNA ligase is capable of joining short lengths of DNA.
1970. Khorana synthesized an artificial gene from DNA nucleotides.